Wireless Communications over MIMO Channels - 2006
Applications to CDMA and Multiple Antenna Systems
Volker Kuhn
A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION
Contents
Preface xi
Acknowledgements xv
List of Abbreviations xvii
List of Symbols xxi
1 Introduction to Digital Communications 1
1.1 Basic SystemModel………………………… 1
1.1.1 Introduction…………………………. 1
1.1.2 Multiple Access Techniques…………………. 3
1.1.3 Principle Structure of SISO Systems…………….. 5
1.2 Characteristics ofMobile Radio Channels………………. 8
1.2.1 Equivalent Baseband Representation…………….. 8
1.2.2 Additive White Gaussian Noise……………….. 11
1.2.3 Frequency-Selective Time-Variant Fading…………… 12
1.2.4 Systems with Multiple Inputs and Outputs………….. 16
1.3 Signal Detection………………………….. 18
1.3.1 Optimal Decision Criteria………………….. 18
1.3.2 Error Probability for AWGN Channel…………….. 20
1.3.3 Error and Outage Probability for Flat Fading Channels……. 22
1.3.4 Time-Discrete Matched Filter………………… 25
1.4 Digital Linear Modulation……………………… 27
1.4.1 Introduction…………………………. 27
1.4.2 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)……………….. 28
1.4.3 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)………….. 30
1.4.4 Phase Shift Keying (PSK)………………….. 33
1.5 Diversity……………………………… 36
1.5.1 General Concept………………………. 36
1.5.2 MRC for Independent Diversity Branches………….. 40
1.5.3 MRC for Correlated Diversity Branches…………… 47
1.6 Summary……………………………… 49
2 Information Theory 51
2.1 Basic Definitions………………………….. 51
2.1.1 Information, Redundancy, and Entropy……………. 51
2.1.2 Conditional, Joint and Mutual Information………….. 53
2.1.3 Extension for Continuous Signals………………. 56
2.1.4 Extension for Vectors and Matrices……………… 57
2.2 Channel Coding Theorem for SISO Channels…………….. 58
2.2.1 Channel Capacity………………………. 58
2.2.2 Cutoff Rate…………………………. 59
2.2.3 Gallager Exponent……………………… 62
2.2.4 Capacity of the AWGN Channel………………. 64
2.2.5 Capacity of Fading Channel…………………. 68
2.2.6 Channel Capacity and Diversity……………….. 70
2.3 Channel Capacity ofMIMO Systems………………… 73
2.4 Channel Capacity for Multiuser Communications…………… 78
2.4.1 Single Antenna AWGN Channel………………. 78
2.4.2 Single Antenna Flat Fading Channel…………….. 82
2.4.3 Multiple Antennas at Transmitter and Receiver………… 85
2.5 Summary……………………………… 89
3 Forward Error Correction Coding 91
3.1 Introduction…………………………….. 92
3.2 Linear Block Codes…………………………. 94
3.2.1 Description byMatrices…………………… 94
3.2.2 Simple Parity Check and Repetition Codes………….. 97
3.2.3 Hamming and Simplex Codes………………… 98
3.2.4 Hadamard Codes………………………. 99
3.2.5 Trellis Representation of Linear Block Codes………… 99
3.3 Convolutional Codes………………………… 100
3.3.1 Structure of Encoder…………………….. 101
3.3.2 Graphical Description of Convolutional Codes………… 104
3.3.3 Puncturing Convolutional Codes………………. 105
3.3.4 ML Decoding with Viterbi Algorithm…………….. 106
3.4 Soft-Output Decoding of Binary Codes……………….. 109
3.4.1 Log-Likelihood Ratios - A Measure of Reliability………. 109
3.4.2 General Approach for Soft-Output Decoding…………. 112
3.4.3 Soft-Output Decoding for Walsh Codes……………. 114
3.4.4 BCJR Algorithm for Binary Block Codes………….. 115
3.4.5 BCJR Algorithm for Binary Convolutional Codes………. 118
3.4.6 Implementation in Logarithmic Domain…………… 120
3.5 Performance Evaluation of Linear Codes………………. 121
3.5.1 Distance Properties of Codes………………… 121
3.5.2 Error Rate Performance of Codes………………. 125
3.5.3 Information Processing Characteristic…………….. 131
3.6 Concatenated Codes………………………… 135
3.6.1 Introduction…………………………. 135
3.6.2 Performance Analysis for Serial Concatenation………… 137
3.6.3 Performance Analysis for Parallel Concatenation……….. 141
3.6.4 Turbo Decoding of Concatenated Codes…………… 146
3.6.5 EXIT Charts Analysis of Turbo Decoding………….. 153
3.7 Low-Density Parity Check (LDPC) Codes……………… 160
3.7.1 Basic Definitions and Encoding……………….. 160
3.7.2 Graphical Description……………………. 165
3.7.3 Decoding of LDPC Codes………………….. 167
3.7.4 Performance of LDPC Codes………………… 169
3.8 Summary……………………………… 171
4 Code Division Multiple Access 173
4.1 Fundamentals……………………………. 174
4.1.1 Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum………………. 174
4.1.2 Direct-Sequence CDMA…………………… 181
4.1.3 Single-User Matched Filter (SUMF)…………….. 185
4.1.4 Spreading Codes………………………. 191
4.2 OFDM-CDMA…………………………… 194
4.2.1 Multicarrier Transmission………………….. 194
4.2.2 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing…………. 195
4.2.3 Combining OFDMand CDMA……………….. 200
4.3 Low-Rate Channel Coding in CDMA Systems……………. 208
4.3.1 Conventional Coding Scheme (CCS)…………….. 209
4.3.2 Code-Spread Scheme (CSS)…………………. 210
4.3.3 Serially Concatenated Coding Scheme (SCCS)………… 211
4.3.4 Parallel Concatenated Coding Scheme (PCCS)………… 214
4.3.5 Influence of MUI on Coding Schemes……………. 216
4.4 Uplink Capacity of CDMA Systems…………………. 219
4.4.1 Orthogonal Spreading Codes………………… 220
4.4.2 Random Spreading Codes and Optimum Receiver………. 220
4.4.3 Random Spreading Codes and Linear Receivers……….. 222
4.5 Summary……………………………… 225
5 Multiuser Detection in CDMA Systems 227
5.1 Optimum Detection…………………………. 227
5.1.1 Optimum Joint Sequence Detection……………… 228
5.1.2 Joint Preprocessing and Subsequent Separate Decoding……. 229
5.1.3 Turbo Detection with Joint Preprocessing and Separate Decoding.. 231
5.2 Linear Multiuser Detection……………………… 233
5.2.1 Decorrelator (Zero-Forcing, ZF)……………….. 233
5.2.2 Minimum Mean Squared Error Receiver (MMSE)………. 236
5.2.3 Linear Parallel Interference Cancellation (PIC)………… 240
5.2.4 Linear Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC)………. 243
5.3 Nonlinear Iterative Multiuser Detection……………….. 245
5.3.1 Nonlinear Devices……………………… 245
5.3.2 Uncoded Nonlinear Interference Cancellation…………. 247
5.3.3 Nonlinear Coded Interference Cancellation………….. 253
5.4 Combining Linear MUD and Nonlinear SIC…………….. 258
5.4.1 BLAST-like Detection……………………. 258
5.4.2 QL Decomposition for Zero-Forcing Solution………… 258
5.4.3 QL Decomposition for MMSE Solution…………… 268
5.4.4 Turbo Processing………………………. 270
5.5 Summary……………………………… 273
6 Multiple Antenna Systems 275
6.1 Introduction…………………………….. 275
6.2 Spatial Diversity Concepts……………………… 277
6.2.1 Receive Diversity……………………… 277
6.2.2 Performance Analysis of Space-Time Codes…………. 279
6.2.3 Orthogonal Space-Time Block Codes…………….. 282
6.2.4 Space-Time Trellis Codes………………….. 293
6.3 Multilayer Transmission………………………. 304
6.3.1 Channel Knowledge at the Transmitter and Receiver…….. 304
6.3.2 Channel Knowledge only at the Receiver…………… 306
6.3.3 Performance of Multilayer Detection Schemes………… 308
6.3.4 Lattice Reduction-Aided Detection……………… 312
6.4 Linear Dispersion Codes………………………. 319
6.4.1 LD Description of Alamouti’s Scheme……………. 320
6.4.2 LD Description of Multilayer Transmissions…………. 321
6.4.3 LD Description of Beamforming………………. 321
6.4.4 Optimizing Linear Dispersion Codes…………….. 322
6.4.5 Detection of Linear Dispersion Codes…………….. 323
6.5 Information Theoretic Analysis…………………… 323
6.5.1 UncorrelatedMIMO Channels………………… 323
6.5.2 CorrelatedMIMO Channels…………………. 325
6.6 Summary……………………………… 328
Appendix A Channel Models 329
A.1 Equivalent Baseband Representation…………………. 329
A.2 Typical Propagation Profiles for Outdoor Mobile Radio Channels…… 330
A.3 Moment-Generating Function for Ricean Fading…………… 331
Appendix B Derivations for Information Theory 333
B.1 Chain Rule for Entropies………………………. 333
B.2 Chain Rule for Information…………………….. 333
B.3 Data-Processing Theorem……………………… 334
Appendix C Linear Algebra 335
C.1 Selected Basics…………………………… 335
C.2 Householder Reflections and Givens Rotation…………….. 341
C.3 LLL Lattice Reduction……………………….. 343
Bibliography……………………………..347
Index…………………………….. 359